A payment card number, primary account number (PAN), or simply a card number, is the card identifier found on payment cards, such as credit cards and debit cards, as well as stored-value cards, gift cards and other similar cards. In some situations the card number is referred to as a bank card number. The card number is primarily a card identifier and does not directly identify the bank account number to which the card is linked by the issuing company. The card number prefix identifies the issuer of the card, and the digits that follow identify a unique account which is associated by the issuing organization with one of its customers and then to the customer's designated bank accounts. In the case of stored-value type cards, the association with a particular customer is only made if the prepaid card is reloadable. Card numbers are allocated in accordance with ISO/IEC 7812. The card number is usually prominently embossed on the front of a payment card.
The payment card number differs from the Business Identifier Code (BIC/ISO 9362, a normalized codeâ€"also known as Business Identifier Code, Bank International Code, and SWIFT code). It also differs from Universal Payment Identification Code, another identifier for a bank account in the United States.
Structure
The leading six digits of the card number is the "issuer identification number (IIN)", sometimes referred to as the "bank identification number (BIN)". The remaining numbers on the card except the last digit are the individual account identification number. The last digit is the Luhn check digit. IINs and PANS have a certain level of internal structure and share a common numbering scheme set by ISO/IEC 7812. Payment card numbers are composed of 8 to 19 digits, as follows:
- a six-digit Issuer Identification Number (IIN)*, the first digit of which is the Major Industry Identifier (MII)
- a variable length (up to 12 digits) individual account identifier
- a single check digit calculated using the Luhn algorithm
*IIN length has revised to 8-digits in fifth edition of ISO/IEC 7812 published in 2017.
Issuer identification number (IIN)
The first six digits of a card number (including the initial MII digit) are known as the issuer identification number (IIN). These identify the card issuing institution that issued the card to the card holder. The rest of the number is allocated by the card issuer. The card number's length is its number of digits. Many card issuers print the entire IIN and account number on their card.
In the United States, IINs are also used in NCPDP pharmacy claims to identify processors, and are printed on all pharmacy insurance cards. IINs are the primary routing mechanism for real-time claims.
The ISO Register of Issuer Identification Numbers database is managed by the American Bankers Association. ABA is the Registration Authority for this standard and is responsible for allocating IINs to issuers.
Online merchants may use IIN lookups to help validate transactions. For example, if a card's IIN indicates a bank in one country, while the customer's billing address is in another, the transaction may call for extra scrutiny.
On November 8, 2004, MasterCard and Diners Club formed an alliance. Diners Club cards issued in Canada and the United States start with 54 or 55 and are treated as MasterCards worldwide. International cards use the 36 prefix and are treated as MasterCards in Canada and the United States, but are treated as Diners Club cards elsewhere. Diners Club International's website makes no reference to old 38 prefix numbers, and they can be presumed reissued under the 55 or 36 IIN prefix. Effective October 16, 2009, Diners Club cards beginning with 30, 36, 38 or 39 have been processed by Discover Card.
On November 3, 2014, MasterCard announced that they were introducing a new series of BIN ranges that begin with a “2†(222100â€"272099). The “2†series BINs will be processed the same as the “51â€"55†series BINs are today. They became active 14 October 2016.
On July 23, 2014 JSC NSPK was established in the Russian Federation. The joint stock company National System of Payment Cards (NSPK) is the operator of the Mir National Payment System. The main initiatives of NSPK are to create the national payment system infrastructure and to issue a national payment card Mir.
Effective October 1, 2006, Discover began using the entire 65 prefix, not just 650. Also, similar to the MasterCard/Diners agreement, China Union Pay cards are now treated as Discover cards and accepted on the Discover network.
While the vast majority of Visa's account ranges describe 16 digit card numbers there are still a few (40 as of 11 Dec. 2013) account ranges dedicated to 13 digit PANs and several (439 as of 11 Dec. 2013) account ranges where the issuer can mix 13 and 16 digit card numbers. Visa's VPay brand can specify PAN lengths from 13 to 19 digits and so card numbers of more than 16 digits are now being seen.
Switch was re-branded as Maestro in mid-2007. In 2011, UK domestic Maestro (formerly Switch) was aligned with the standard international Maestro proposition with the retention of a few residual country specific rules.
EMV Certification requires acceptance of a 19-digit Visa card (ADVT 6.1.1 Test Case 2) and Discover Card (E2E Test Plan v1.3, Test Case 06).
Canadian bank card numbering
Bank card numbers issued by Canadian banks also follow a pattern for their systems:
Security measures
To reduce the risk of credit card fraud, various techniques are used to prevent the dissemination of bank card numbers. These include:
- Format-preserving encryption: in which the account number is replaced with a strongly encrypted version which retains the format of the card data including non sensitive parts of the field such as first six and last four digits. This permits data field protection without changing payment IT systems and applications. A common use is for protecting card data from the point of capture in a secure reader to the payment processing host end-to-end to mitigate risk of data compromise in systems such as the Point of Sale (POS). AES-FF1 Format-Preserving Encryption is defined in NIST Specification SP800-38G.
- PAN truncation: in which only some of the digits on a card are displayed or printed on receipts. The PCI DSS standard dictates that only the first six and last four digits of the PAN may be printed on a receipt or displayed in cases other than where a business need requires the full PAN. US federal law (FACTA) allows only the display of the last 5 digits. In order to comply with both PCI DSS requirements and US federal law, generally only the last four digits are provided elsewhere to allow an individual to identify the card used.
- Tokenization: in which an artificial account number (token) is printed, stored or transmitted in place of the true account number.
Issuing network IIN ranges Active Length Validation American Express 34, 37[4] Yes 15[5] Luhn algorithm Bankcard[6] 5610, 560221-560225 No 16 Luhn algorithm China UnionPay 62[7] Yes 16-19[citation needed] Luhn algorithm Diners Club enRoute 2014, 2149 No 15 no validation Diners Club International[8] 36 Yes 14-19[9] Luhn algorithm 300-305, 3095, 38-39 Yes 16-19[9] Luhn algorithm Diners Club United States & Canada[10] 54, 55 (MasterCard co-branded) Yes 16 Luhn algorithm Discover Card 6011, 64, 65 Yes 16-19[9] Luhn algorithm InterPayment 636 Yes 16-19 Luhn algorithm InstaPayment 637-639[citation needed] Yes 16 Luhn
References
External links
- H.P. Luhn and Automatic Indexing
- What your credit card numbers mean
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